《最高人民法院關(guān)于加強(qiáng)區(qū)塊鏈司法應(yīng)用的意見》全文(中英文版)
法發(fā)〔2022〕16號(hào)
最高人民法院
關(guān)于加強(qiáng)區(qū)塊鏈司法應(yīng)用的意見
為深入貫徹落實(shí)習(xí)近平法治思想和習(xí)近平總書記關(guān)于積極推動(dòng)區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)為人民群眾提供更加智能、更加便捷、更加優(yōu)質(zhì)公共服務(wù)的重要指示精神，貫徹落實(shí)《中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十四個(gè)五年規(guī)劃和2035年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)綱要》和《“十四五”國(guó)家信息化規(guī)劃》，充分發(fā)揮區(qū)塊鏈在促進(jìn)司法公信、服務(wù)社會(huì)治理、防范化解風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、推動(dòng)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展等方面的作用，全面深化智慧法院建設(shè)，推進(jìn)審判體系和審判能力現(xiàn)代化，結(jié)合人民法院工作實(shí)際，制定本意見。
一、 總體要求
(一) 指導(dǎo)思想。以習(xí)近平新時(shí)代中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義思想為指導(dǎo)，深入貫徹習(xí)近平法治思想和習(xí)近平總書記關(guān)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)強(qiáng)國(guó)的重要思想，緊緊圍繞“努力讓人民群眾在每一個(gè)司法案件中感受到公平正義”的目標(biāo)，堅(jiān)持服務(wù)大局、司法為民、公正司法，大力推動(dòng)區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)與多元解紛、訴訟服務(wù)、審判執(zhí)行和司法管理工作深度融合，積極應(yīng)用區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)服務(wù)社會(huì)治理、優(yōu)化營(yíng)商環(huán)境、加強(qiáng)誠(chéng)信體系建設(shè)、防范化解重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、支持構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局，努力創(chuàng)造更高水平的數(shù)字正義。
(二) 總體目標(biāo)。到2025年，建成人民法院與社會(huì)各行各業(yè)互通共享的區(qū)塊鏈聯(lián)盟，形成較為完備的區(qū)塊鏈司法領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，數(shù)據(jù)核驗(yàn)、可信操作、智能合約、跨鏈協(xié)同等基礎(chǔ)支持能力大幅提升；區(qū)塊鏈在多元解紛、訴訟服務(wù)、審判執(zhí)行和司法管理工作中得到全面應(yīng)用，有效促進(jìn)司法公信，提升司法效率，強(qiáng)化廉潔司法；司法區(qū)塊鏈跨鏈聯(lián)盟融入經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)運(yùn)行體系，實(shí)現(xiàn)與政法、工商、金融、環(huán)保、征信等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域跨鏈信息共享和協(xié)同，主動(dòng)服務(wù)營(yíng)商環(huán)境優(yōu)化、經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)治理、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范化解和產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，助力平安中國(guó)、法治中國(guó)、數(shù)字中國(guó)和誠(chéng)信中國(guó)建設(shè)，形成中國(guó)特色、世界領(lǐng)先的區(qū)塊鏈司法領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用模式，為新時(shí)代我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展提供堅(jiān)強(qiáng)有力的司法服務(wù)和保障。
(三) 基本原則
堅(jiān)持依法統(tǒng)籌、注重協(xié)同聯(lián)動(dòng)。依法依規(guī)加強(qiáng)區(qū)塊鏈基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，面向經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展和審判執(zhí)行工作需要，開展區(qū)塊鏈司法領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用頂層設(shè)計(jì)，加強(qiáng)與各行各業(yè)跨鏈協(xié)同應(yīng)用模式研究，促進(jìn)多方數(shù)據(jù)共享和協(xié)同應(yīng)用。
堅(jiān)持開放共享、注重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)先行。建設(shè)與社會(huì)各行各業(yè)互通共享的區(qū)塊鏈聯(lián)盟，形成共性基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)支持能力，建立統(tǒng)一、開放的區(qū)塊鏈司法領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，為跨部門節(jié)點(diǎn)接入、跨行業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)共同維護(hù)和利用提供規(guī)范化服務(wù)。
堅(jiān)持應(yīng)用牽引、注重創(chuàng)新發(fā)展。以司法為民、公正司法和服務(wù)社會(huì)治理為牽引，充分發(fā)揮區(qū)塊鏈在優(yōu)化業(yè)務(wù)流程、提升協(xié)同效率、建設(shè)可信體系等方面的作用，持續(xù)推進(jìn)區(qū)塊鏈在司法領(lǐng)域深度應(yīng)用，不斷提高跨領(lǐng)域自動(dòng)執(zhí)行能力。
堅(jiān)持安全可靠、注重有序推進(jìn)。以安全可信為前提，著力提升上鏈數(shù)據(jù)和智能合約的準(zhǔn)確可控水平，確保數(shù)據(jù)安全，保護(hù)個(gè)人信息，推動(dòng)形成區(qū)塊鏈在司法領(lǐng)域穩(wěn)中求進(jìn)、有序發(fā)展、安全可靠的應(yīng)用生態(tài)。
二、 人民法院區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)建設(shè)要求
(四) 加強(qiáng)區(qū)塊鏈應(yīng)用頂層設(shè)計(jì)。遵照法律規(guī)范要求，按照內(nèi)外部高效協(xié)同的總體思想，針對(duì)法院業(yè)務(wù)應(yīng)用和服務(wù)社會(huì)治理協(xié)同應(yīng)用需求，系統(tǒng)開展區(qū)塊鏈在司法領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的場(chǎng)景設(shè)計(jì)。針對(duì)內(nèi)、外網(wǎng)協(xié)同應(yīng)用需求，形成全國(guó)統(tǒng)一、支持跨網(wǎng)系、跨鏈協(xié)同司法應(yīng)用的區(qū)塊鏈總體建設(shè)方案。
(五) 持續(xù)推進(jìn)跨鏈協(xié)同應(yīng)用能力建設(shè)。針對(duì)主動(dòng)服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)治理和司法業(yè)務(wù)應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景，構(gòu)建基于分布式標(biāo)識(shí)、互聯(lián)互通、跨鏈互信的區(qū)塊鏈聯(lián)盟基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，有效整合執(zhí)行區(qū)塊鏈已有建設(shè)成果，充分發(fā)揮聯(lián)盟鏈技術(shù)特點(diǎn)，加強(qiáng)司法區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)與各行業(yè)區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)跨鏈聯(lián)盟建設(shè)，持續(xù)提升協(xié)同能力。
(六) 提升司法區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)能力。聯(lián)合優(yōu)勢(shì)力量，開展關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)，打造開放共享的全國(guó)法院司法區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)，提高數(shù)據(jù)核驗(yàn)、可信操作、智能合約、跨鏈協(xié)同等基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)能力，支持各級(jí)人民法院基于司法鏈平臺(tái)開展業(yè)務(wù)創(chuàng)新應(yīng)用。
(七) 建設(shè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)司法區(qū)塊鏈驗(yàn)證平臺(tái)�；谌珖�(guó)司法區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)數(shù)據(jù)，在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)端建設(shè)司法區(qū)塊鏈驗(yàn)證平臺(tái)，支持當(dāng)事人等相關(guān)主體對(duì)調(diào)解數(shù)據(jù)、電子證據(jù)、訴訟文書等司法數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行真?zhèn)魏蓑?yàn)。
(八) 建立健全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范體系。建立健全區(qū)塊鏈在司法領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和管理規(guī)范，為與相關(guān)領(lǐng)域區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)和節(jié)點(diǎn)接入互通、共享協(xié)同提供技術(shù)指引和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接口支持。
三、 充分運(yùn)用區(qū)塊鏈數(shù)據(jù)防篡改技術(shù)，進(jìn)一步提升司法公信力
(九) 保障司法數(shù)據(jù)安全。推進(jìn)人民法院電子卷宗、電子檔案、司法統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表、案件結(jié)案狀態(tài)等司法數(shù)據(jù)上鏈存儲(chǔ)，確保司法數(shù)據(jù)防篡改，提升數(shù)據(jù)安全水平。
(十) 保障電子證據(jù)可信。健全完善區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)證據(jù)核驗(yàn)功能，支持當(dāng)事人和法官在線核驗(yàn)通過(guò)區(qū)塊鏈存儲(chǔ)的電子證據(jù)，推動(dòng)完善區(qū)塊鏈存證的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)則，提升電子證據(jù)認(rèn)定的效率和質(zhì)量。
(十一) 保障執(zhí)行操作合規(guī)。推動(dòng)執(zhí)行案件信息、當(dāng)事人信息、組織機(jī)構(gòu)信息、執(zhí)行通知、財(cái)產(chǎn)查控、財(cái)產(chǎn)處置、案款收發(fā)、信用懲戒、執(zhí)法取證、執(zhí)行互動(dòng)、案件報(bào)結(jié)、卷宗歸檔等數(shù)據(jù)和操作上鏈存證，常態(tài)化開展執(zhí)行全業(yè)務(wù)流程操作安全審計(jì)，進(jìn)一步規(guī)范執(zhí)行操作行為，探索開展執(zhí)行查控等敏感操作在線閉環(huán)驗(yàn)證，確�？煽繜o(wú)誤。
(十二) 保障司法文書權(quán)威。推動(dòng)人民法院送達(dá)的訴訟文書和送達(dá)回執(zhí)在司法區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)統(tǒng)一存儲(chǔ)，支持在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)端查驗(yàn)送達(dá)文書，保證送達(dá)全流程安全可靠，維護(hù)司法權(quán)威。
四、 充分發(fā)揮區(qū)塊鏈優(yōu)化業(yè)務(wù)流程的重要作用，不斷提高司法效率
(十三) 支持立案信息流轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)用。建立立案登記材料分級(jí)分類自動(dòng)流轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)則，支持在材料提交限定期滿后案件實(shí)現(xiàn)分級(jí)分類自動(dòng)立案，鞏固立案登記制改革成果，提高立案效率。
(十四) 支持調(diào)解與審判流程銜接應(yīng)用。建立調(diào)解協(xié)議不履行自動(dòng)觸發(fā)審判立案、執(zhí)行立案等業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)則和智能合約程序，增強(qiáng)調(diào)解程序司法權(quán)威，支持多元糾紛化解。
(十五) 支持審判與執(zhí)行流程銜接聯(lián)動(dòng)。全面推進(jìn)審判與執(zhí)行辦案系統(tǒng)信息互通和數(shù)據(jù)共享，探索建立裁判文書不履行自動(dòng)觸發(fā)執(zhí)行立案等業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)則和聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)制，優(yōu)化審執(zhí)銜接，暢通信息流轉(zhuǎn)，減少重復(fù)工作，支持切實(shí)破解執(zhí)行難。
(十六) 支持提升執(zhí)行效率。探索建立符合條件的執(zhí)行案件自動(dòng)發(fā)起查詢、凍結(jié)、扣劃以及執(zhí)行案款自動(dòng)發(fā)放智能合約機(jī)制，在確保程序合規(guī)的前提下簡(jiǎn)化審批環(huán)節(jié)；建立對(duì)統(tǒng)查財(cái)產(chǎn)線索足額終本案件、對(duì)不履行義務(wù)的執(zhí)行和解案件，無(wú)需單獨(dú)提起立案流程即可自動(dòng)立案恢復(fù)執(zhí)行的智能合約機(jī)制。
(十七) 支持執(zhí)行干警便捷辦案。運(yùn)用區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)推動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)查控、評(píng)估拍賣、案款收發(fā)、失信限消、事項(xiàng)委托、電子卷宗隨案生成等向移動(dòng)端延伸，形成去中心化、去網(wǎng)系化、去系統(tǒng)化的數(shù)據(jù)串聯(lián)，方便執(zhí)行干警隨時(shí)隨地辦理執(zhí)行事務(wù)。
五、 充分挖掘區(qū)塊鏈互通聯(lián)動(dòng)的巨大潛力，增強(qiáng)司法協(xié)同能力
(十八) 提高律師資質(zhì)驗(yàn)證協(xié)同能力。針對(duì)律師資質(zhì)驗(yàn)證需求，構(gòu)建人民法院與司法行政部門跨鏈協(xié)同應(yīng)用，支持實(shí)現(xiàn)參與訴訟活動(dòng)的律師資質(zhì)、信用報(bào)告在線查詢及核驗(yàn)，提高核驗(yàn)實(shí)時(shí)性。
(十九) 提高政法部門案件協(xié)同辦理能力。針對(duì)減刑假釋、刑事、民商事等案件跨部門協(xié)同辦理和公民身份認(rèn)證等需求，構(gòu)建人民法院與檢察、公安、司法行政等部門的跨鏈協(xié)同應(yīng)用，提高案件在線流轉(zhuǎn)效率和數(shù)據(jù)互信水平。
(二十) 提高跨部門協(xié)同執(zhí)行能力。針對(duì)被執(zhí)行人財(cái)產(chǎn)查控、失信被執(zhí)行人聯(lián)合懲戒等需求，構(gòu)建人民法院與行政執(zhí)法、不動(dòng)產(chǎn)登記、金融證券保險(xiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)、聯(lián)合信用懲戒等單位的跨鏈協(xié)同應(yīng)用，建立自動(dòng)化執(zhí)行查控和信用懲戒模式，提高協(xié)同執(zhí)行工作效率。
六、 充分利用區(qū)塊鏈聯(lián)盟互認(rèn)可信的價(jià)值屬性，服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)治理
(二十一) 保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。構(gòu)建與版權(quán)、商標(biāo)、專利等知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)的跨鏈協(xié)同機(jī)制，支持對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的權(quán)屬、登記、轉(zhuǎn)讓等信息的查詢核驗(yàn)，為知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)案件的證據(jù)認(rèn)定等提供便利，更好地服務(wù)國(guó)家創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施。
(二十二) 支持營(yíng)商環(huán)境優(yōu)化。構(gòu)建與市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管、產(chǎn)權(quán)登記和交易平臺(tái)等區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)的跨鏈協(xié)同應(yīng)用機(jī)制，支持對(duì)企業(yè)基本信息、企業(yè)股權(quán)變動(dòng)、企業(yè)間關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系、不動(dòng)產(chǎn)和動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)屬狀況、融資租賃、貴金屬交易等權(quán)屬登記和交易狀況信息的查詢核驗(yàn)，為權(quán)屬認(rèn)定和產(chǎn)權(quán)交易提供便利，促進(jìn)基于數(shù)據(jù)與信用的分級(jí)分類監(jiān)管體系建設(shè)，更好地服務(wù)國(guó)家營(yíng)商環(huán)境建設(shè)。
(二十三) 支持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)開發(fā)利用。構(gòu)建與數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)屬、數(shù)據(jù)交易等區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)的跨鏈協(xié)同應(yīng)用機(jī)制，支持對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)確權(quán)、數(shù)據(jù)交易等過(guò)程信息的查詢核驗(yàn)和智能合約處置，助力數(shù)據(jù)要素市場(chǎng)構(gòu)建和數(shù)據(jù)價(jià)值釋放，更好地服務(wù)國(guó)家大數(shù)據(jù)戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施。
(二十四) 支持金融信息流轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)用。構(gòu)建與金融機(jī)構(gòu)區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)的跨鏈協(xié)同應(yīng)用機(jī)制，支持對(duì)金融貸款合同、信用卡等審批、履行、違約過(guò)程信息的查詢核驗(yàn)和智能合約處置，更好地服務(wù)金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范化解。
(二十五) 支持企業(yè)破產(chǎn)重組。構(gòu)建與相關(guān)政府部門區(qū)塊鏈平臺(tái)的跨鏈協(xié)同應(yīng)用機(jī)制，支持對(duì)債務(wù)人企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)信息和涉訴涉執(zhí)行信息互通共享，支持債權(quán)申報(bào)信息在線驗(yàn)證質(zhì)證，在保障全體債權(quán)人知情權(quán)和查閱權(quán)的同時(shí)，強(qiáng)化債權(quán)審核公開透明，并進(jìn)一步確保網(wǎng)絡(luò)債權(quán)人會(huì)議的表決效力，更好地服務(wù)市場(chǎng)主體救治和退出。
(二十六) 支持征信體系建設(shè)。構(gòu)建與全國(guó)信用信息共享平臺(tái)、國(guó)家企業(yè)信用信息公示系統(tǒng)和失信懲戒部門的跨鏈協(xié)同應(yīng)用機(jī)制，支持對(duì)失信被執(zhí)行人、限制高消費(fèi)信息的查詢核驗(yàn)和智能合約處置，確保失信信息可信產(chǎn)生、安全傳播和合規(guī)使用，更好地發(fā)揮聯(lián)合失信懲戒作用，助力健全以信用為基礎(chǔ)的新型監(jiān)管機(jī)制，服務(wù)社會(huì)信用體系建設(shè)。
七、 保障措施
(二十七) 加強(qiáng)組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。各級(jí)人民法院要高度重視區(qū)塊鏈在司法領(lǐng)域的建設(shè)和應(yīng)用，加強(qiáng)統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)，明確任務(wù)牽頭部門負(fù)責(zé)區(qū)塊鏈應(yīng)用整體推進(jìn)和管理。
(二十八) 建立協(xié)同機(jī)制。各級(jí)人民法院要統(tǒng)籌轄區(qū)區(qū)塊鏈應(yīng)用重點(diǎn)，聯(lián)合其他政法單位、社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)等力量強(qiáng)化協(xié)同工作機(jī)制，共同推進(jìn)區(qū)塊鏈在司法領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。
(二十九) 加大支持力度。各級(jí)人民法院要將區(qū)塊鏈應(yīng)用工作納入智慧法院建設(shè)規(guī)劃統(tǒng)籌組織實(shí)施，并與地方政府社會(huì)治理創(chuàng)新相結(jié)合，爭(zhēng)取經(jīng)費(fèi)支持，加大推進(jìn)力度。
(三十) 注重應(yīng)用示范。各級(jí)人民法院要面向服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展和人民法院業(yè)務(wù)需求，選擇較為成熟的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景開展典型應(yīng)用示范，形成可復(fù)制、可推廣的創(chuàng)新模式。
(三十一) 確保安全可靠。各級(jí)人民法院要健全事前審核和測(cè)試評(píng)估機(jī)制，確保上鏈數(shù)據(jù)真實(shí)性、準(zhǔn)確性、合規(guī)性以及鏈上鏈下數(shù)據(jù)一致性，確保智能合約的合法性、有效性、安全性和可靠性。
(三十二) 積極宣傳引導(dǎo)。各級(jí)人民法院要加強(qiáng)成功案例宣傳推介，面向法院干警開展區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)應(yīng)用培訓(xùn)，全面提升區(qū)塊鏈在司法領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用成效。
最高人民法院
2022年5月23日
Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court
on Strengthening Blockchain Application
in the Judicial Field
The Opinions are herein made for further implementation of the Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s instructions on actively promoting the application of blockchain technology to provide more intelligent, convenient and superior public services for the people, and for the earnest fulfillment of the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives through the Year 2035 of the People’s Republic of China and the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Informatization. While taking the real work of the people’s courts into consideration, the Opinions aim to leverage the role of blockchain in cementing judicial credibility, facilitating social governance, preventing and resolving risks, promoting high-quality development, etc., so as to reinforce the advance of smart courts on all fronts and the modernization of the judicial system and judicial capabilities.
I. Overall requirements
(1) Guiding philosophies. Concentrating on the goal of “working to ensure that the people feel fairness and justice prevails in every judicial case”， the Opinions, under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, endeavor to thoroughly implement Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law and on building China’s strength in cyberspace, and are committed to serving the overall interests, administrating justice for the people and maintaining judicial fairness. The Opinions intend to vigorously promote in-depth integration between blockchain technology and diversified dispute resolution, litigation services, trial and enforcement and judicial administration. People’s courts in China need to actively utilize the blockchain platform to facilitate social governance, optimize business environment, cement the development of the credit system, prevent and resolve major risks and underpin the establishment of a new development paradigm, sparing no efforts to elevate digital justice to a higher level.
(2) Overall objectives. By 2025, a blockchain alliance featuring interconnectivity and sharing between the people’s courts and all social sectors will come into being and a relatively complete standard system for blockchain application in the judicial field will be in place with the capabilities for fundamental support for data verification, trusted operation, smart contract, interoperation collaboration, etc. to be dramatically improved. Moreover, diversified dispute resolution, litigation services, trial and enforcement, and judicial administration will witness the comprehensive application of blockchain technology which effectively enhances judicial credibility, efficiency and integrity. By then, the judicial blockchain interoperation alliance is to be integrated into the economic and social operation system, enabling interoperation information sharing and coordination with the political and legal, industrial and commercial, financial, environmental, social credit and other sectors, which will actively contribute to the improvement of business environment, economic and social governance, risk prevention and resolution, and industrial innovation and development, back China to become a peaceful, digital and credit-based country under the rule of law, foster a world-leading model of blockchain application in the judicial field with Chinese characteristics, providing superior judicial services and solid guarantee for China’s economic and social digital transformation and high-quality development in the new era.
(3) Basic principles.
Pursuing law-based coordination and emphasizing collaboration and interconnectivity. It is necessary to strengthen overall planning of blockchain infrastructure in accordance with laws and regulations and carry out top-level design of blockchain application in the judicial field in view of the needs of economic and social development as well as that of trial and enforcement. Research on interoperation collaborative application models with all walks of life should be intensified to promote data sharing and collaborative application between different parties.
Upholding openness and sharing and prioritizing standards. It is necessary to build a blockchain alliance with interconnectivity and sharing among all social sectors, develop capabilities to support common fundamental technologies, establish a unified and open technical standard system for blockchain application in the judicial field, making standardized services available to cross-departmental node access and joint maintenance and utilization of data across different industries.
Underlining application and valuing innovation-based development. Guided by the principles of administrating justice for the people, maintaining judicial fairness and facilitating social governance, it is necessary to give full play to the function of the blockchain in business process optimization, operation cost reduction, collaborative efficiency improvement, trusted system establishment, and other fields. Consistent efforts are required to promote the in-depth application of blockchain in the judicial field and to improve the performance of blockchain in cross-domain automatic enforcement.
Ensuring security and reliability and highlighting orderly progress. On the premise of security and trustworthiness, it is necessary to work hard to improve the accuracy and controllability of stored data and smart contracts on the blockchain, ensure data security, and protect personal information, in a bid to foster an environment of blockchain application in the judicial field with steady progress, orderly development, security and reliability.
II. Requirements on building the blockchain platforms of the people’s courts
(4) Strengthening top-level design of blockchain application. In accordance with laws and norms, and the overarching concept of internal and external efficient collaboration, it is required to systematically design the scenarios of blockchain application in the judicial field in response to the needs of coordinating the court work with the improvement of social governance. In view of the needs of collaboration between internal and external networks, an overall plan for building a blockchain that is unified nationwide, enables inter-network and interoperation judicial application should be developed.
(5) Constantly advancing capacity building for interoperation collaborative application. In order to actively serve the economic and social governance and application scenarios of judicial work, it is required to build the infrastructure of the blockchain alliance based on distributed identification, interconnectivity, and interoperation mutual trust, effectively integrate the enforcement blockchain construction achievements, give full play to the technical strengths of the alliance chain, and boost the development of the interoperation alliance of the judicial blockchain platform and that of all walks of life so as to constantly enhance synergy.
(6) Enhancing technical capabilities of the judicial blockchain. It is required to gather superior strengths to make a breakthrough in key technologies, create an open and shared judicial blockchain platform among people’s courts nationwide, improve basic technical capabilities such as data verification, trusted operation, smart contract and interoperation collaboration, etc., and support people’s courts at all levels to engage in innovative application based on the judicial blockchain platform.
(7) Building an Internet-based judicial blockchain verification platform. Based on the data of the national judicial blockchain platform, it is required to build a judicial blockchain verification platform on the Internet, which enables parties and other relevant subjects to verify the authenticity of mediation data, electronic evidence, litigation documents and other judicial data.
(8) Establishing and optimizing a standard system. It is required to establish and optimize the technical standards and management specification for the application of blockchain in the judicial field, and provide technical guidance and standardized access support for the interconnectivity, sharing and collaboration with blockchain platforms and nodes in relevant fields.
III. Making the most of the data tamper-proof technology of blockchain to further enhance judicial credibility
(9) Ensuring the security of judicial data. Judicial data of the people’s courts, including electronic case files, electronic archives, judicial statistical reports and the status of concluding cases, are expected to be stored on the blockchain, to make sure the judicial data are tamper-proof and enhance data security.
(10) Ensuring trustworthiness of electronic evidence. It is necessary to perfect the evidence verification function of the blockchain platform, which enables parties and judges to verify the electronic evidence stored on the blockchain online, so as to contribute to setting sound standards and rules for blockchain-based storage and improve the efficiency and quality of electronic evidence identification.
(11) Ensuring compliance of enforcement operations. It is necessary to store data and operations, such as information on enforcement cases, information of parties and organizations, notice of enforcement, investigation and control of property, disposal of property, collection and distribution of money related to the cases, credit-based punishment, evidence collection, interactions of enforcement, reporting and conclusion of cases, archiving of cases on the blockchain, regularly carry out a security audit on operation of the whole process to enhance the normativity of enforcement operations, and consider the method of online closed-loop examination of sensitive operations such as investigation and control in enforcement, so as to make sure reliability and accuracy.
(12) Ensuring the authority of judicial instruments. It is necessary to uniformly store litigation documents served by the people’s courts and receipts of service on the judicial blockchain platform, and allow online verification of served documents to make sure the security and reliability of the whole process of service, so as to eliminate concerns of the parties about the authenticity of served information and maintain the authority of judicial instruments being served.
IV. Giving full play of the essential role of blockchain in optimizing business processes to constantly improve judicial efficiency
(13) Enabling circulation and application of case-filing information. It is necessary to set operational rules on the classification and categorization and later automatic circulation of documents to be docketed so as to achieve the automatic docketing of cases after their classification and categorization upon the expiry of the prescribed period for submission of materials, consolidate the fruits of the reform on case-filing registration system and improve case-filing efficiency.
(14) Enabling connected application between mediation and trial procedures. It is necessary to set operational rules on automatically triggering the trial procedure or the enforcement procedure upon the failure to perform mediation agreements and launch the smart contract procedure, so as to cement judicial authority of the mediation procedure and support diversified dispute resolution.
(15) Enabling the connection between trial and enforcement procedures. It is necessary to comprehensively advance the interoperability and sharing of information and data between trial and enforcement case handling systems, and explore the possibility of making rules and linkage mechanisms on automatically triggering the enforcement procedure upon the failure to perform judicial decisions, so as to optimize the convergence from trial to enforcement, ensure the information is transformed smoothly, reduce duplicate work and solve the problems of enforcement difficulties.
(16) Enhancing the efficiency of enforcement. It is necessary to explore the possibility of establishing a smart contract mechanism to automatically investigate, freeze and seize property in eligible enforcement cases and distribute money related to the enforcement cases, so as to simplify the approval process under the premise of ensuring procedural compliance; establishing a smart contract mechanism to automatically file a case and resume enforcement without filing a separate case for cases where the enforcement procedure was suspended after the enforcement of the whole property discovered by unified investigation clues and settlement cases of enforcement for non-fulfillment of obligations.
(17) Enabling enforcement officers and police staff to handle cases more conveniently. It is necessary to utilize blockchain technology to promote the extension to mobile ends and formation of decentralized, de-networked, de-systematized data strings for online investigation and control, evaluation and auction, collection and distribution of money related to the cases, restriction of consumption for credit-related punished people, matters entrusted and electronic files generated with the case to enable enforcement officers and police staff to handle enforcement matters more conveniently at anytime and anywhere.
V. Fully taping the tremendous potential of blockchain connectivity to enhance judicial collaboration
(18) Improving collaboration in verifying lawyers’ qualifications. In response to the needs of verifying lawyers’ qualifications, it is necessary to realize interoperation collaborative application between the people’s courts and administrative organs, to enable online inquiry and verification of qualifications and credit reports of lawyers in litigation activities, with higher time efficiency.
(19) Improving collaboration in case handling between political and legal organs. To facilitate cross-departmental collaboration in operation involved in abatement from penalty, release on parole, criminal, civil and commercial cases and certification of citizenship, it is necessary to realize interoperation collaborative application between the people’s courts and procuratorial, public security, judicial, administrative and other organs, so as to improve the efficiency of online case circulation and data mutual trust.
(20) Improving the capability of cross-departmental collaborative enforcement. To facilitate investigation and control of property subject to enforcement and cooperative punishment for judgment debtors subject to enforcement, it is necessary to realize interoperation collaborative application between the people’s courts and organs involved in administrative law enforcement, immovable property registration, financial securities and insurance, or organs cooperatively imposing credit-based punishment, etc. and develop a model of automatically carrying out investigation and control in enforcement and imposing credit-based punishment, so as to improve the working efficiency of collaborative enforcement.
VI. Leveraging properties of the blockchain alliance of mutual recognition and trustworthiness to facilitate economic and social governance
(21) Protecting intellectual property. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms for intellectual property, such as copyrights, trademarks and patents, and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to intellectual property ownership, registration, transfer and others to facilitate the evidence identification of intellectual property cases, so as to further push forward the implementation of the national innovation-driven development strategy.
(22) Supporting the improvement of the business environment. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms for market regulation, property registration, transactions and others, and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to the ownership registration and status of transactions, such as basic business profile, variation of corporate equities, correlation between businesses, ownership of immovables and movables, financial leasing, precious metal trading, to facilitate the identification of ownership and transactions of property rights, so as to intensify the development of the classified and categorized supervision system based on data and credit, and to further improve the national business environment.
(23) Underpinning data development and utilization. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms, such as data ownership, online data trading, etc., and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to data ownership confirmation and data trading and other processes as well as handling of smart contracts, to propel the construction of data markets and the release of data value, so as to better facilitate the implementation of the national big data strategy.
(24) Supporting circulation and application of financial information. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms of financial institutions, and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to approval, performance and default of financial loan contracts and credit cards as well as handling of smart contracts, so as to better contribute to preventing and resolving financial risks.
(25) Supporting bankruptcy and restructuring of enterprises. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms of relevant government departments, and enable interoperability and sharing of business information of debtor enterprises and information related to litigation and enforcement, and enable online verification and cross-examination of information of submission of creditor claims, strengthen open and transparent verification of creditor claims while safeguarding the right to information and access of all creditors, and further ensure the voting effectiveness of online creditors’ meetings to better serve the rescue and exit of market entities.
(26) Facilitating the construction of the credit system. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with the National Credit Information Sharing Platform, the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System, and credit-breaking punishment organs, and enable inquiry about and online verification of information of the blacklist of judgment debtors and people banned from high-spending as well as handling of smart contracts, to make sure the judgment debtors’ information is generated reliably, transmitted securely and used compliantly, so as to further develop the function of cooperative punishment for credit-breaking individuals, contribute to improving the new credit-based supervision mechanism, and push forward the construction of the social credit system.
VII. Guarantee measures
(27) Cementing organizational leadership. People’s courts at all levels shall attach great importance to the development and application of blockchain in the judicial field, strengthen coordination, and specify leading departments in charge of overall progress and management of blockchain application.
(28) Establishing a collaborative mechanism. People’s courts at all levels shall coordinate priorities of blockchain application in their respective jurisdictions, unite political and legal departments, social organs and other forces to strengthen the collaborative working mechanism, jointly promoting blockchain application in the judicial field.
(29) Strengthening support. People’s courts at all levels shall incorporate blockchain application into the development plan of smart courts for coordinated implementation, and combine it with innovation of social governance of local governments, to seek funding support and expedite the progress.
(30) Paying attention to demonstration projects. People’s courts at all levels shall choose relatively mature application scenarios to launch demonstration projects, with focus on needs of the economic and social development and the business needs of the people's courts, to form innovative models that can be reproduced and popularized.
(31) Ensuring security and reliability. People’s courts at all levels shall optimize the pre-review, testing and evaluating mechanism to make sure the authenticity, accuracy and compliance of the stored data on the blockchain as well as the consistency of data on and off the chain, and make sure the legality, effectiveness, security and reliability of smart contracts.
(32) Taking active steps towards publicity and guidance. People’s courts at all levels shall intensify publicity and promotion of best practices, and provide training on blockchain application for court officers and police staff, to improve the effects of blockchain application in the judicial field on all fronts.
The Supreme People’s Court
May 23, 2022